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-   -   The Turkish Verb - The Infinitive (http://www.tualimforum.com/ingilizce/14455-turkish-verb-infinitive.html)

SERDEM 09.09.08 07:56

The Turkish Verb - The Infinitive
 
THE INFINITIVE - a grammatical description

In grammar, the infinitive is the form of a verb that has no inflection to indicate person, number, mood or tense.
It is called the infinitive because the verb is usually not made finite, or limited by inflection.
The infinitive is often used as the citation form, as for many languages this is the basic form of a verb which is usually presented in dictionaries.
In language classes, children are sometimes taught to think of it as the name of the verb.

SERDEM 09.09.08 07:57

The Infinitive is the name of a verb, therefore per se it is a noun. This is characterized in English by the word - to - ie to walk, to swim.

The Turkish Infinitive has four forms of the infinitive, all of which can be used as nouns and can therefore take case endings and personal pronouns when required. The Standard Infinitive ending in -mek or -mak

If we say in English - she is starting to write - then the Infinitive yazmak - to write - is the object of the verb - she is starting ... - and consequently must be suffixed to show its relationship to the verb.

As the verb başlamak - to start, begin - signifies movement of some sort it governs the Dative Case in Turkish -a or -e.

To effect the addition of the dative suffix to yazmak the final -k of -mek or -mak is dropped and the resulting verbal noun - yazma - is treated as a normal object in the Dative by the addition of the suffix -ya standard dative buffer letter -y- :
yazmak - to write - becomes yazmaya başladı - she started to (to) write

It should be noted that we also use The Present Continuous Participle in -ing - (another noun) while translating in English so the above is often rendered in the following manner: yazmak - to write - becomes yazmaya başladı - she started writing

SERDEM 09.09.08 07:57

Special Case - istemek - to want


The verb istemek - to want - is a special case as it causes no modification of the verb it governs:

yazmak istiyorum - I want to write
içmek isterler - they want to drink
kalmak istemedin - you didn't want to stay
çalışmak istemeyecekler - they will not want to work

Note that this also applies in English - we also cannot say - I want writing - or - they want drinking.

SERDEM 09.09.08 07:59

Adding Suffixes to the Standard Infinitive in -mek


As the infinitive is a noun - then it can be suffixed with any of the case suffixes. We are taking for our model the Positive Infinitive - gelmek - to come - and the Negative Infinitive gelmemek - not to come.

SERDEM 09.09.08 08:00

Formation of the Short Infinitive Verbal Noun


To effect the addition of the suffixes to the infinitive - as an example içmek, the final -k of -mek or -mak is dropped and the resulting verbal noun then ends in -ma or -me becoming içme in this case. It is treated as a normal object in the Accusative by the addition of the suffix -yi etc. - thus becoming - içmeyi - (içme-y-i uses buffer letter -y-).

Similarly the Dative Object is formed in the same manner: The Infinitive - yazmak - to write - forms Verbal Noun - yazma - the writing - thence forms the Dative Object - yazmaya - to the writing.

SERDEM 09.09.08 08:00

Example of Verbal Nouns in English

Unfortunately we do not realize when we are using Verbal Nouns - but if you want to understand Turkish both written and spoken then we must learn to recognize them.

Some examples of English Verbal Nouns

The writing is on the wall.
The drinking of this water is prohibited.
Smoking is allowed.
Leave your suitcase in the the waiting room.
He is working in the drying shed.

SERDEM 09.09.08 08:01

A note about Conversational Stress

This could be mixed up with the negation suffix -me but the difference is hidden in the stress.

When it is a Positive Verbal Noun then the stress is on itself as in - içMEyi.

However when it is a Negative Verbal Noun, then the stress is on the preceding syllable - İÇmemeyi.


We are already aware the negative suffix -me/-ma - itself is never stressed in conversation but always throws the stress on to the previous syllable.

SERDEM 09.09.08 08:01

Examples of Suffixed Infinitives

Note that Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation rules are followed when adding the standard suffixes - also the buffer letter -y- is used to keep vowel suffixes apart.

gelmeye çalıştı - he tried (to) to come - (Dative Suffix as an Object as the verb çalışmak takes a Dative Object = to try to..)
yüzmeyi severim - I like (the) swimming - I like to swim
onu yapmaktayım - I am just doing it - in/at doing it
sigara içmeyi bıraktım - I have given up (the) smoking - (Accusative Suffix as a Direct Object)

SERDEM 09.09.08 08:01

The Extended Infinitive Forms

Positive


gelmek - to come
gelmeye - to come
gelmeyi - to come (obj.)
gelmekte - in coming

gelmekten - from coming
gelmekle - by/with coming



Negative

gelmemek - not to come
gelmemeye - to not to come
gelmemeyi - not to come (obj.)
gelmemekte - in not coming
gelmemekten - from not comimg
gelmemekle - by/with not coming

SERDEM 09.09.08 08:02

The use of the various infinitive forms is best shown by example:

Kesmeyi bıraktı - He stopped (the) cutting
Sürmeyi öğreniyorum - I am learning (the driving) to drive
Gülmemeye çalışıyorlar - They are trying not to (to) laugh


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